Research Brief
What Is Ll 37?
Resposta Rapida
Visao Geral LL-37 is a 37-residue cationic antimicrobial peptide (AMP) e o(a) only member do(a) cathelicidin family identificado(a) in humans. Its aminoacido sequence is LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES.[1] Parent molecule: LL-37 is derivado(a) de a larger, inactive precursor protein called hCA...
Visao Geral
LL-37 is a 37-residue cationic antimicrobial peptide (AMP) e o(a) only member do(a) cathelicidin family identificado(a) in humans. Its aminoacido sequence is LLGDFFRKSKEKIGKEFKRIVQRIKDFLRNLVPRTES.[1]
Parent molecule: LL-37 is derivado(a) de a larger, inactive precursor protein called hCAP18 (human Cationic Antimicrobial Protein, 18 kDa). The CAMP gene on chromosome 3p21.3 encodes hCAP18. The ativo(a) LL-37 peptide is released extracellularly through proteolytic cleavage — primariamente by proteinase 3 in neutrofilos and kallikreins (K5/K7) in queratinocitos.[2]
Cellular origin: Constitutively expressed or induziu in neutrofilos (stored in specific granules), monocitos, mast cells, and celula epitelials do(a) skin, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory tract.[3]
Structurally, LL-37 is a linear, amphipathic peptide (MW 4493.33 Da) with a net charge of +6 at physiological pH. It is cysteine-free and adopts an α-helical structure in membrane environments but remains disordered in aqueous solution. NMR studies reveal a curved helix-bend-helix motif spanning residues 2–31 with a disordered C-terminal tail.[1]
LL-37 expression no(a) skin is regulado(a) por Vitamin D. Abnormal LL-37 levels are linked to psoriasis (overexpression) and atopic dermatitis (supressao).[6]
Referencias
- Johansson J, Gudmundsson GH, Rottenberg ME, et al. Conformation-dependent antibacterial activity do(a) naturally occurring human peptide LL-37. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 1998;273(6):3718-3724.
- Gudmundsson GH, Agerberth B, Odeberg J, et al. The human gene FALL39 and processing do(a) cathelin precursor para o(a) antibacterial peptide LL-37 in granulocytes. European Journal of Biochemistry. 1996;238(2):325-332.
- Ridyard KE, Overhage J. The Potential of Human Peptide LL-37 como um(a) Antimicrobial and Anti-Biofilm Agent. Antibiotics. 2021;10(6):650.
- Duplantier AJ, van Hoek ML. The Human Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide LL-37 como um(a) Potential Treatment for Polymicrobial Infected Wounds. Frontiers in Immunology. 2013;4:143.
- Grönberg A, Mahlapuu M, Ståhle M, et al. Treatment with LL-37 is Safe and Effective in Enhancing Healing of Hard-to-Heal Venous Leg Ulcers: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Wound Repair and Regeneration. 2014;22(5):613-621.
- Yang B, Good D, Mosaiab T, et al. Significance of LL-37 on Immunomodulacao and Disease Outcome. BioMed Research International. 2020;2020:8349712.
- Heilborn JD, Nilsson MF, Kratz G, et al. The cathelicidin anti-microbial peptide LL-37 is envolveu in re-epitelialization of human skin wounds e e lacking in cronico(a) ulcer epithelium. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2003;120(3):379-389.
- Scott MG, Davidson DJ, Gold MR, et al. The human antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is a multifunctional modulator of innate resposta imunologicas. The Journal of Immunology. 2002;169(7):3883-3891.
- Svensson D, Nilsson BO. Human antimicrobial/host defense peptide LL-37 may prevent the spread of a local infection through multiplos(as) mechanisms: an update. Inflammation Research. 2025;74(1):36.
- Piktel E, Niemirowicz K, Wnorowska U, et al. The Role of Cathelicidin LL-37 in Cancer Development. Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis. 2016;64(1):33-46.
- Zhang Z, Chen WQ, Zhang SQ, et al. The human cathelicidin peptide LL-37 inibe pancreatic cancer growth by suppressing autofagia and reprogramming do(a) tumor immune microenvironment. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022;13:906625.
- Lu F, Zhu Y, Zhang G, Liu Z. Renovation as innovation: Repurposing human antibacterial peptide LL-37 for cancer therapy. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2022;13:944147.
- Miranda E, Bramono K, Yunir E, et al. Efficacy of LL-37 cream in enhancing healing of diabetic foot ulcer: a randomizado duplo-cego controlled trial. Archives of Dermatological Research. 2023;315(9):2623-2633.
- Seil M, Nagant C, Dehaye JP, et al. Spotlight on Human LL-37, an Immunomodulatory Peptide with Promising Cell-Penetrating Properties. Pharmaceuticals. 2010;3(11):3435-3460.
- Ergün FC, Kars MD, Kars G. Development and Characterization of LL37 Antimicrobial-Peptide-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles. Polymers. 2025;17(13):1884.
- Mahlapuu M, Sidorowicz A, Mikosinski J, et al. Evaluation of LL-37 in healing of hard-to-heal venous leg ulcers: A multicentric prospective randomizado controlado por placebo ensaio clinico. Wound Repair and Regeneration. 2021;29(6):938-950.
- Ohuchi K, Ikawa T, Amagai R, et al. LL-37 Might Promote Local Invasion of Melanoma by Activating Melanoma Cells and Tumor-Associated Macrophages. Cancers. 2023;15(6):1678.
- Miura S, Garcet S, Li X, et al. Cathelicidin Antimicrobial Peptide LL37 Induces Toll-Like Receptor 8 and Amplifies IL-36γ and IL-17C in Human Keratinocytes. Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 2023;143(5):832-841.e4.
- Lin X, Wang R, Mai S. Advances in delivery systems para o(a) therapeutic application of LL37. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 2020;60(9):102016.
- Wu WK, Wang G, Coffelt SB, et al. Emerging Roles do(a) Host Defense Peptide LL-37 in Human Cancer e seu(sua) Potential Therapeutic Applications. International Journal of Cancer. 2010;127(8):1741-1747.
- Alalwani SM, Sierigk J, Herr C, et al. The antimicrobial peptide LL-37 modula the inflammatory and host defense response of human neutrofilos. European Journal of Immunology. 2010;40(4):1118-1126.
- Lozeau LD, Kole D, Dominko T, et al. Activity and toxicity of a recombinant LL37 antimicrobial peptide. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology. 2016.
- Wan W, Zhang L, Lin Y, et al. Mitochondria-derived peptide MOTS-c: effects and mechanisms related to stress, metabolismo and aging. Journal of Translational Medicine. 2023;21(1):36.
- M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. Induction of Antitumor Response in Melanoma Patients Using the Antimicrobial Peptide LL37. ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol NCT02225366. 2015.
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