Research Brief
Mots C: Safety Profile & Research Summary
Resumo da Pesquisa Pre-clinica
Key Preclinical Studies
| Estudo | Modelo | Principais Achados | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| Lee et al. (2015) | CD-1/C57BL/6 mice HFD — 0.5 mg/kg/day IP × 8 wk | Prevented HFD-induziu obesidade (p<0.01); ~30% ↑ glucose infusion rate in clamp; 5 mg/kg × 7d reversed age-dependent resistencia a insulina | [1] |
| Reynolds et al. (2021) | 22-mo C57BL/6N mice — 15 mg/kg/day IP | Ran 2-fold longer (p=0.000002), 2.16× farther; 100% reached final sprint at 15 mg/kg (vs 16.6% control); late-life → +6.4% median lifespan | [2] |
| Kong et al. (2021) | NOD mice (T1D) — 0.5 mg/kg/day IP from 7 wk | 0% incidence at 19 wk vs 100% control; glicose sanguinea 251±140 vs 547±90 mg/dL; Treg promotion via mTORC1 inibicao | [8] |
| Zhai et al. (2017) | MRSA sepse mice — 20/50 mg/kg | Pre-treatment: survival 20% → 79%; post-treatment: 50% → 100%; ↓TNF-α/IL-6/IL-1β, ↑IL-10 | [10] |
| Wei et al. (2020) | Vascular calcification rats — 5 mg/kg/day IP × 4 wk | 55% reduction in calcium content; reduziu pressao arterial and stiffness via AMPK → AT-1/ET-B supressao | [12] |
| Ming et al. (2016) | OVX osteoporose mice — 5 mg/kg/day IP × 12 wk | Significant improvements in BMD, BV/TV, trabecular thickness via AMPK → osteoclasto inibicao | [11] |
| Kim et al. (2018) | C57BL/6 mice — glucose restriction | Nuclear translocation confirmou; chromatin binding at ARE via Nrf2; regula ~1,000 genes | [3] |
| Pham et al. (2025) | T2D Wistar rats — 15 mg/kg/day IP × 3 wk | 8% ↓ LV wall thickness; restaurou mitochondrial respiration in diabetic hearts | [13] |
| Kong et al. (2025) | S961-treated C57BL/6 mice — 0.5 mg/kg/day | Diabetes incidence 30% vs 70% control; reduziu β-gal+ cells and SASP genes | [15] |
Human Data: CB4211 (MOTS-c Analog) — NCT03998514
| Phase | Population | Intervention | Key Results | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Phase 1a | n=65 adultos saudaveis | 0.2–3.0 mg/kg/day SC (SAD/MAD) | Well-tolerated; mild injection site reactions apenas AE >10% | [4] |
| Phase 1b | n=20 obese + NAFLD (≥10% liver fat) | 25 mg/day SC × 4 weeks | ALT -21% (vs +4% placebo, p<0.05); AST -28% (vs -11%, p<0.05); fasting glucose -6% (vs 0%, p<0.05) | [4] |
Nota: No completed interventional trials with native MOTS-c. CB4211 met safety endpoint; CohBar dissolved, development discontinued.
Observational Human MOTS-c Data
| Estudo | Population | Achado Principal | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| Reynolds et al. (2021) | n=10 sedentary males | Skeletal muscle MOTS-c ↑11.9-fold post-exercise; plasma 1.6× during exercise, baseline by 4h | [2] |
| Yoon et al. (2026) | n=32 obese vs 22 lean | MOTS-c higher in obese (273±56 vs 223±50 pg/mL); unchanged 6mo post-bariatric surgery | [16] |
| Du et al. (2018) | n=40 obese children vs 57 controls | MOTS-c ↓ in obese males (472.61 vs 561.64 ng/mL); negatively correlated with BMI/HOMA-IR | [6] |
| Qin et al. (2017) | n=40 coronary angiography | Significantly lower MOTS-c in coronary endothelial dysfunction (p=0.007) | [6] |
Safety Summary
| Parametro | Finding |
|---|---|
| CB4211 Clinical | Well-tolerated at 25 mg/day SC × 4 wk; mild injection site reactions (persistent painless bumps) apenas AE >10% |
| Native MOTS-c | No estabeleceu human safety data; FDA Categoria 2 (immunogenicity/impurity risks) |
| Anecdotal | Heart palpitations, injection site irritation, insomnia, fever, fatigue, headaches, nausea |
| Cancer Risk | Conflicting: suprime ovarian cancer but theoretical breast/prostate risk |
| Drug Interactions | Metformin (synergistic AMPK); insulin/oral hypoglycemics (hipoglicemia risk) |
| Contraindications | WADA-banned (all sport); ativo(a) malignancy (theoretical); pregnancy/breastfeeding (no data) |
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Referencias
- Lee C, Zeng J, Drew BG, et al. The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promove metabolic homeostasis and reduz obesidade and resistencia a insulina. Cell Metabolism. 2015;21(3):443-454.
- Reynolds JC, Lai RW, Woodhead JST, et al. MOTS-c e um(a) exercise-induziu mitochondrial-encoded regulator of age-dependent physical decline and muscle homeostasis. Nature Communications. 2021;12(1):470.
- Kim KH, Son JM, Benayoun BA, Lee C. The Mitochondrial-Encoded Peptide MOTS-c Translocates para o(a) Nucleus to Regulate Nuclear Gene Expression in Response to Metabolic Stress. Cell Metabolism. 2018;28(3):516-524.e7.
- CohBar, Inc. CohBar Announces Positive Topline Results do(a) Phase 1a/1b Study of CB4211 Under Development for NASH and Obesity. BioSpace. 2021.
- Knoop A, Thomas A, Thevis M. Development of a mass spectrometry based detection method para o(a) mitochondrion-derived peptide MOTS-c in plasma samples for doping control purposes. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 2019;33(4):371-380.
- Wan W, Zhang L, Lin Y, et al. Mitochondria-derived peptide MOTS-c: effects and mechanisms related to stress, metabolismo and aging. Journal of Translational Medicine. 2023;21(1):36.
- Zempo H, Kim SJ, Fuku N, et al. A pro-diabetogenic mtDNA polymorphism no(a) mitochondrial-derived peptide, MOTS-c. Aging (Albany NY). 2021;13(2):1692-1717.
- Kong BS, Min SH, Lee C, Cho YM. The mitochondrial-encoded MOTS-c previne pancreatic islet destruction in autoimmune diabetes. Cell Reports. 2021;36(4):109447.
- Lu H, Tang S, Xue C, et al. Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c Increases Adipose Thermogenic Activation to Promote Cold Adaptation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2019;20(10):2456.
- Zhai D, Ye Z, Jiang Y, et al. MOTS-c peptide aumenta survival and diminui bacterial load in mice infected with MRSA. Molecular Immunology. 2017;92:151-159.
- Yi X, Hu G, Yang Y, et al. Role of MOTS-c no(a) regulacao of bone metabolismo. Frontiers in Physiology. 2023;14:1149120.
- Wei M, Gan L, Liu Z, et al. Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide MOTS-c Attenuates Vascular Calcification and Secondary Myocardial Remodeling via Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway. Cardiorenal Medicine. 2020;10(1):42-50.
- Pham TK, et al. MOTS-c restaura mitochondrial respiration and funcao cardiaca in type 2 diabetic cardiomiopatia. 2025.
- Yin Y, et al. MOTS-c atenua inflammatory and bone cancer pain via AMPK-MAPK-c-fos signaling in spinal cord. 2020/2024.
- Kong BS, Lee H, L'Yi S, et al. Mitochondrial-encoded peptide MOTS-c previne pancreatic islet cell senescencia para retardar diabetes. Experimental & Molecular Medicine. 2025;57(8):1861-1877.
- Yoon SH, Yuan F, Zhu X, et al. Systemic MOTS-c levels are aumentou in adults with obesidade in association with metabolic dysregulacao and remain unchanged after perda de peso. Journal of Clinical and Translational Endocrinology. 2026;43:100429.
- Kim SJ, Miller B, Mehta HH, et al. The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c is a regulator of plasma metabolites and aprimora sensibilidade a insulina. Physiological Reports. 2019;7(13):e14171.
- Kumagai H, Coelho AR, Wan J, et al. MOTS-c reduz myostatin and muscle atrophy signaling. American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2021;320(4):E680-E690.
- Gao Y, Wei X, Wei P, et al. MOTS-c Functionally Prevents Metabolic Disorders. Metabolites. 2023;13(1):125.
- Lee C, Kim KH, Cohen P. MOTS-c: A novel mitochondrial-derived peptide regulating muscle and fat metabolismo. Free Radical Biology & Medicine. 2016;100:182-187.
- Zheng Y, Wei Z, Wang T. MOTS-c: A promising mitochondrial-derived peptide for therapeutic exploitation. Frontiers in Endocrinology. 2023;14:1120533.
- Mohtashami Z, Singh MK, Salimiaghdam N, et al. MOTS-c, the Most Recent Mitochondrial Derived Peptide in Human Aging and Age-Related Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022;23(19):11991.
- USADA. What e o(a) MOTS-c peptide? USADA.org. 2024.
- Dieli-Conwright CM, et al. Effects of a 12 Week Breast Cancer Exercise Program no(a) Mitochondrial Derived Peptide MOTS-c. Scientific Reports. 2021.
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