Research Brief
Glutathione: Safety Profile & Research Summary
Resumo da Pesquisa
Key Clinical Studies
| Estudo | Design / Population | Principais Achados | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| Richie et al. (2015) Eur J Nutr | RCT, n=54 adultos saudaveis; 250 mg or 1000 mg oral GSH/day, 6 months | 1000 mg/day: significant increase in GSH in eritrocitos, plasma, linfocitos, buccal cells (p < 0.05). 250 mg: no significant difference vs placebo | [12] |
| Mischley et al. (2017) J Parkinson's Dis | Phase IIb RCT, n=45 PD subjects; 300 or 600 mg/day intranasal GSH, 12 weeks | 600 mg/day: UPDRS Total melhorou -4.6 points (P = 0.0025); Motor sub-score melhorou -2.2 points (P = 0.0485) | [11] |
| Honda et al. (2017) BMC Gastroenterol | Open-label pilot, n=34 NAFLD subjects; 300 mg oral GSH/day, 4 months | Significant reduction in ALT (p < 0.05); non-significant improvements in liver stiffness | [8] |
| Søndergård et al. (2021) Appl Physiol Nutr Metab | RCT, n=20 obese males ± T2DM; 1000 mg oral GSH/day, 3 weeks | Whole-body sensibilidade a insulina aumentou significativamente; musculo esqueletico GSH aumentou ~19% | [16] |
| Weschawalit et al. (2017) Clin Cosm Invest Derm | RCT, n=57 healthy females; 250 mg oral GSH or GSSG/day, 12 weeks | Significant wrinkle reduction (P = 0.006); aumentou skin elasticity; melanin reduction in >40 yrs subgroup | [19] |
| Cascinu et al. (1995) J Clin Oncol | RCT, advanced gastric cancer; 1.5 g/m² IV GSH before cisplatin | Neuroprotective effect; reduziu cisplatin-associated neurotoxicity sem compromising chemotherapy efficacy | [4] |
| Smyth et al. (1997) Ann Oncol | RCT, ovarian cancer; IV GSH with cisplatin | Reduced toxicity; melhorou qualidade de vida; no reduction in antineoplastic efficacy | [15] |
| Sinha et al. (2018) Eur J Clin Nutr | RCT; liposomal GSH supplementation | Elevated body stores of GSH; aprimorou markers of funcao imunologica incluindo natural killer cell activity | [14] |
Key Preclinical Studies
| Estudo | Modelo | Principais Achados | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| Strutynska et al. (2023) | Aged male Wistar rats; 52 mg/kg i.p., acute | Heart GSH +40% (p=0.0027); superoxide reduziu 2.5x; H2O2 reduziu 2.3x; restaurou vasorelaxation; inibiu mPTP opening | [3] |
| Cai et al. (2003) | BALB/c mice; oral GSH; influenza A/X-31 | Decreased viral titers in ambos(as) lung and trachea homogenates | [3] |
| Chinta et al. (2007) | In vivo GSH depletion in dopaminergic midbrain neurons | Inducible GSH alterations result in nigrostriatal degeneration, confirming causative role of GSH loss in PD pathology | [5] |
Dosage Summary
| Setting | Dose | Route / Duration | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| In Vitro | 0.5–10 mM | Cell culture | Physiological intracellular concentration range |
| Animal (Rat) | 52 mg/kg | Intraperitoneal; acute | LD50 > 5 g/kg (mice, oral) |
| Human — Oral (antioxidante) | 250–1000 mg/day | Oral capsules; 4 weeks–6 months | 1000 mg/day necessario(a) para 6 months to significantly elevate body stores[12] |
| Human — Oral (skin) | 250–500 mg/day | Oral; 4–12 weeks | Significant melanin and wrinkle reduction[19][2] |
| Human — Intranasal | 200–600 mg/day | Intranasal atomization; 12 weeks | Brain GSH >200% increase within 45 min[11] |
| Human — IV | 1.5 g/m² | Intravenous; before chemotherapy | Neuroprotective adjunct to cisplatin[4] |
| Human — Topical | 2% GSSG lotion | Twice daily; 10 weeks | Significant reduction in melanin index, wrinkles, TEWL[18] |
| Human — Inhaled | 600 mg BID | Nebulized | Respiratory conditions; contraindicated in asthma[17] |
Perfil de Seguranca
| Route | Safety Assessment | Adverse Events |
|---|---|---|
| Oral | GRAS status; bem tolerado(a); LD50 > 5 g/kg (mice) | Mild: flatulence, loose stools, flushing, weight gain[12] |
| Topical | Generally bem tolerado(a) | Mild erythema, pruritus; typically self-resolving[19] |
| Intranasal | Phase IIb safety estabeleceu | One withdrawal (tachycardia/cardiomiopatia, resolved upon cessation)[11] |
| Intravenous | Significant safety concerns | 32% adverse event rate; hepatotoxicity, anaphylaxis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome relatado(a) |
| Inhaled | Contraindicated in asthma | Risk of bronchospasm |
&x26A0;&xFE0F; Important Disclaimer
This product is sold strictly for in-vitro research and laboratory use only. The products offered on this website are furnished for in-vitro studies only. In-vitro studies (Latin: in glass) are performed outside do(a) body. These products nao sao medicines or drugs and have nao foi aprovado(a) por the FDA para prevenir, treat or cure qualquer medical condition, ailment or disease. Bodily introduction of qualquer kind into humans or animals is strictly forbidden by law. For Laboratory Research Only. Not for human use, medical use, diagnostic use, or veterinary use.
Sobre Este Perfil de Pesquisa
Este perfil de pesquisa foi compilado a partir de fontes revisadas por pares, incluindo o New England Journal of Medicine, The Lancet e documentos regulatórios. TODOS OS ARTIGOS E INFORMAÇÕES SOBRE PRODUTOS FORNECIDOS NESTE SITE SÃO APENAS PARA FINS INFORMATIVOS E EDUCACIONAIS.
Referencias
- Allen J, Bradley RD. Effects of oral glutathione supplementation on sistemico(a) estresse oxidativo biomarcadors in human volunteers. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 17(9), 827-833, 2011.
- Arjinpathana N, Asawanonda P. Glutathione como um(a) oral whitening agent: a randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por placebo study. Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 23(2), 97-102, 2012.
- Ballatori N, Krance SM, Notenboom S, Shi S, Tieu K, Hammond CL. Glutathione dysregulacao e o(a) etiology and progression of human diseases. Biological Chemistry, 390(3), 191-214, 2009.
- Cascinu S, Cordella L, Del Ferro E, et al. Neuroprotective effect of reduziu glutathione on cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced gastric cancer: a randomizado, duplo-cego, controlado por placebo trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 13(1), 26-32, 1995.
- Chinta SJ, Kumar MJ, Hsu M, et al. Inducible alterations of glutathione levels in adult dopaminergic midbrain neurons result in nigrostriatal degeneration. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(51), 13997-14006, 2007.
- Handog EB, Datuin MS, Singzon IA. An open-label, single-arm trial of a seguranca and efficacy of um(a) novo(a) preparation of glutathione como um(a) skin-lightening agent in Filipino women. International Journal of Dermatology, 55(2), 153-157, 2016.
- Holmay MJ, Terpstra M, Coles LD, et al. N-Acetylcysteine boosts brain and blood glutathione in Gaucher and Parkinson diseases. Clinical Neuropharmacology, 36(4), 103-106, 2013.
- Honda Y, Kessoku T, Sumida Y, et al. Efficacy of glutathione for o tratamento of nonalcoholic fatty doenca hepatico(a)a: an open-label, single-arm, multicenter, pilot study. BMC Gastroenterology, 17(1), 96, 2017.
- Kovacs-Nolan J, Rupa P, Matsui T, et al. In vitro and ex vivo uptake of glutathione (GSH) atraves do(a) intestinal epithelium and fate of oral GSH after in vivo supplementation. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(39), 9499-9506, 2014.
- Lenzi A, Culasso F, Gandini L, Lombardo F, Dondero F. Placebo-controlled, duplo-cego, cross-over trial of glutathione therapy in male infertility. Human Reproduction, 8(10), 1657-62, 1993.
- Mischley LK, Leverenz JB, Lau RC, et al. A randomizado, duplo-cego phase I/IIa study of intranasal glutathione in Parkinson's disease. Movement Disorders, 30(12), 1696-1701, 2015.
- Richie JP, Nichenametla S, Neidig W, et al. Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione. European Journal of Nutrition, 54(2), 251-263, 2015.
- Sechi G, Deledda MG, Bua G, et al. Reduced intravenoso(a) glutathione in o tratamento of precoce Parkinson's disease. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 20(7), 1159-1170, 1996.
- Sinha R, Sinha I, Calcagnotto A, et al. Oral supplementation with liposomal glutathione elevates body stores of glutathione and markers of funcao imunologica. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 72(1), 105-111, 2018.
- Smyth JF, Bowman A, Perren T, et al. Glutathione reduz the toxicity and melhora qualidade de vida of women diagnosed with ovarian cancer treated with cisplatin: results of a duplo-cego, randomised trial. Annals of Oncology, 8(6), 569-73, 1997.
- Søndergård SD, Cintin I, Kuhlman AB, et al. The effects of 3 weeks of oral glutathione supplementation on whole body sensibilidade a insulina in obese males with and sem diabetes tipo 2: a randomizado trial. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 46(9), 1133-1142, 2021.
- Visca A, Bishop CT, Hilton S, Hudson VM. Oral reduziu L-glutathione melhora growth in pediatric cystic fibrose patients. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 60(6), 802-810, 2015.
- Watanabe F, Hashizume E, Chan GP, Kamimura A. Skin-whitening and skin-condition-improving effects of topico(a) oxidized glutathione: a duplo-cego and controlado por placebo ensaio clinico in healthy women. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 7, 267-274, 2014.
- Weschawalit S, Thongthip S, Phutrakool P, Asawanonda P. Glutathione e seu(sua) antiaging and antimelanogenic effects. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology, 10, 147-153, 2017.
- Witschi A, Reddy S, Stofer B, Lauterburg BH. The sistemico(a) availability of oral glutathione. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 43(6), 667-669, 1992.
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